A Systematic Review on Spectral Control and Automation of LED Lighting Systems for Smart Agriculture

The increasing global demand for food calls for more efficient and sustainable production methods. Among emerging technologies, artificial LED lighting, in particular the use of red and blue spectra, plays a crucial role by enabling precise control over photosynthesis and morphogenesis, thus improving plant growth and yield. Dynamic control over light spectra, intensity, and timing opens new possibilities to optimize crop quality. However, the growing volume of research in this field lacks a unified perspective, making comparisons and trend identification challenging. This review provides a structured taxonomy of recent studies on red and blue light in agriculture, showing a strong emphasis on leafy vegetables. It also outlines a technological shift from static lighting setups to dynamic, multispectral systems incorporating far-red, green, and UV light. In addition, it tracks the evolution of lighting control from manual methods to intelligent systems, highlighting a clear trend toward automation. These insights underscore the importance of integrating plant science with engineering to enable smarter and more efficient systems, contributing to food security.