Case Study: Exploring nMR Implementations for Energy Monitoring in Telecom Base Stations Under Non-Ionizing Radiation

At elevated altitudes, increased neutron flux raises the risk of radiation-induced soft errors, compromising critical systems. This work evaluates coarse-grained N-modular redundancy (3, 5, and 7MR) with Hamming-protected instruction memory in a PicoBlaze soft-core for telecom power monitoring. Runtime fault injection on an Artix-7 FPGA assesses reliability, logic utilization, and power consumption. Results show significant gains up to 5 MR, while 7 MR yields marginal improvements relative to its hardware and energy cost, confirming diminishing returns in redundancy scaling. These results highlight reliabil-ity-cost trade-offs in resource-constrained FPGA applications.